ČSN EN ISO 17225-8 - Tuhá biopaliva - Specifikace a třídy paliv - Část 8: Tříděné tepelně upr avené a zhutněné palivo z biomasy pro komerční a průmyslové použití

3.7 water sorption

WSORP

gain or loss of water or moisture by solid biofuels through absorption and/or adsorption when exposed to water or varying levels of humidity

[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2022, 3.216]

####

Symbols and abbreviated terms

AMJ

designation for ash content on a dry basis [g/MJ dry]

ar

as received

BD

designation for bulk density as received [kg/m3, (loose volume)]

Cf

fixed carbon [% in mass dry]

D

designation for diameter as received [mm]

d

dry (dry basis)

DT

designation for deformation temperature of the fuel ash [°C]

DU

designation for mechanical durability as received [% in mass]

DURpi

designation for post-immersion durability reduction [% in mass]

F

designation for amount of fines (<3,15 mm) as received [% in mass]

F0.5

designation for amount of fines below 0,5 mm as received [% in mass]

FT

designation for flow temperature of the fuel ash [°C]

HT

designation for hemisphere temperature of the fuel ash [°C]

L

designation for length as received [mm]

M

designation for moisture as received on a wet basis, Mar [% in mass]

Q

designation for net calorific value as received, qp,net,ar [MJ/kg, GJ/t, kWh/kg or MWh/t] at constant pressure

Qd

designation for net calorific value on a dry basis, qp,net,d [MJ/kg or GJ/t or kWh/kg or MWh/t] at constant pressure

SST

designation for shrinkage starting temperature of the fuel ash [°C]

TTBGI

thermally treated biomass grindability index [% in mass]

VM

volatile matter on a dry basis [% in mass dry]

WSORP

water sorption [% in mass]

NOTE 1 1 MJ/kg equals 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t equals 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/cm3 equals 1 kg/dm3. 1 mg/kg equals 0,000 1 %.

NOTE 2 Designation symbols are used with a number to specify property levels in Tables 1 to 3 and Annex A. For designation of chemical properties, chemical symbols such as S (sulfur), Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) and C (carbon) are used and the property class is added at the end of the symbol. Values of ash content and chemical properties (N, S, Cl, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) are given in g/MJ or mg/MJ, both on a dry basis, with the index MJ (e.g. SMJ).

Specification of graded pellets and briquettes produced by thermal processing

Property classes of graded densified biomass fuels produced by thermal processing of chemically untreated woody biomass, chemically untreated and/or chemically treated woody biomass and non-woody biomass are listed in Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively. If a densified biomass fuel produced by thermal processing cannot be classified according to Table 1, 2 or 3, a specification shall be done according to Annex A.

The specification of pellets made from thermally treated biomass is stated in accordance with Tables 1 to 3 and Figure 1, while briquettes made from thermally treated biomass are specified in accordance with Tables 1 to 3 and Figure 2. If other traded forms are used, the main dimensions (e.g. height, width, length) shall be stated.

Key

D

diameter

L

length

Figure 1 — Dimensions of pellets

Key

D

diameter

L1

length

L2

width

L3

height

Figure 2 — Shapes and dimensions of briquettes

Sampling and sample preparation shall be done according to ISO 18135 or ISO 21945 and ISO 14780, respectively. Analyses of the properties shall be carried out in accordance with the appropriate standard, i.e. ISO 5370, ISO 16948, ISO 16968, ISO 16994, ISO 17828, ISO 17829, ISO 17831-1, ISO 17831-2, ISO 18122, ISO 18125, ISO 18134-1, and ISO 18134-2. For specification of the origin and source, ISO 17225-1 shall be applied.

If data for chemical or physical properties are available, further analysis may not be required.

To ensure resources are used appropriately and the declaration is accurate, use the most appropriate measure as follows:

a) using previous measured values or experience of the same raw material;

b) calculation of properties, for example using typical values and considering generally accepted and documented specific values;

c) carrying out analysis:

1) with simplified methods, if available;

2) with reference methods.

The responsibility of the producer or supplier to provide correct and accurate information is exactly the same whether laboratory analysis is performed or not. Typical values do not release the producer or supplier from providing accurate and reliable information.

To assign a fuel to a property class, all properties listed as normative in Table 1, 2 and 3 as well as Table A.1 shall be determined. The determination of properties listed as informative is recommended. The classes of mechanical, physical and chemical properties shall be stated when leaving the final point of loading for delivery to the end user. Between the factory gates and the end user, distributors shall take appropriate measures to maintain the stated level of fines. The quality class according to Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 or the specification according to Table A.1 shall be given in the product declaration.

Ash content and concentration of chemical elements N, S, Cl, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn are influenced by thermal processing and shall be stated in terms of energy with the units g/MJ or mg/MJ (dry), respectively. To calculate the unit mg/MJ from mg/kg, the concentration of chemical elements (mg/kg on a dry basis) shall be divided by the net calorific value (Qd, MJ/kg on a dry basis). Values in percentage mass (dry) shall be additionally multiplied by 10 to obtain values in g/MJ (dry). The reference values used for the calculation of the normative limit values in terms of energy are listed in Annex B. In any analytical report or product declaration, values shall be stated additionally in terms of mass (in mg/kg dry or % mass dry). The values shall be rounded individually according to the significant digits of each property specified in Table 1, 2 and 3.

NOTE 1 For a sample of thermally treated pellets with a lead content of 12 mg/kg dry and a calorific value of 19 MJ/kg dry the resulting value for PbMJ is 0,63 mg/MJ dry and exceeds the limit value of 0,53 mg/MJ dry for TW1. A sample with the same lead content of 12 mg/kg dry and a calorific value of 24,5 MJ/kg dry results in a value of 0,49 mg/MJ dry and fulfils the requirement of class TW1.

NOTE 2 According to ISO 17225-1:2021, Annex D, the net calorific value (at constant pressure) on a dry basis can be calculated according to Formula (1).

where

 

qp,net,ar

is the net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received, in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg);

 

qp,net,d

is the net calorific value (at constant pressure) in dry matter, in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg);

 

Mar

is the moisture content as received in % mass;

 

0,024 43

is the correction factor of the enthalpy of vaporization (constant pressure) for water (moisture) at 25 °C, in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) per 1 % in mass of moisture.

Table 1 — Specification of graded densified biomass fuels produced from thermally processed chemically untreated woody biomass

Master table

 

Property (analysis method)

Unit

TW1

TW2

Normative

Origin and source (ISO 17225‐1:2021, Table 1)

 

1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood 1.2.1 Chemically untreated wood by-products and residuesa

 

Traded form (see ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 2)

 

Pellets or briquettes

 

Dimensions (mm), ISO 17829

 

Diameter ( D )b and length ( L )c of pellets in accordance with Figure 1

mm

D06, 6 ± 1; D08, 8 ± 1; 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

D06, 6 ± 1; D08, 8 ± 1; 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

 

Diameter ( D ), length ( L ) and shape of briquettes in accordance with Figure 2

mm

Values to be stated

 

Moisture, Md, ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2

% in mass as received, on wet basis

M08 ≤ 8

M08 ≤ 8

 

Ash, AMJ, ISO 18122

g/MJ dry

A0.6 ≤ 0,6

A1.6 ≤ 1,6

 

Mechanical durability to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), DU, ISO 17831-1, ISO 17831‑2

% in mass as received

DU97.5 ≥ 97,5

DU97.5 ≥ 97,5

 

Amount of fines, Fd, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 5370

% in mass as received

F2.0 ≤ 2,0

(value to be stated)

F4.0 ≤ 4,0

(value to be stated)

 

Amount of fines below 0,5 mm, F0.5d, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 5370

% in mass as received

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

 

Additivese

% in mass as received

≤4

(value to be stated)

≤5

(value to be stated)

 

Bulk density, BD, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 17828

kg/m3 as received

BD650 ≥ 650

BD600 ≥ 600

 

Net calorific value, Qd, ISO 18125

MJ/kg as received

Q20 ≥ 20 (value to be stated)

Q19 ≥ 19 (value to be stated)

 

Nitrogen, NMJ, ISO 16948

g/MJ dry

N0.26 ≤ 0,26

N0.53 ≤ 0,53

 

Sulfur, SMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

S0.03 ≤ 0,03

S0.05 ≤ 0,05

 

Chlorine, ClMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

Cl0.03 ≤ 0,03

Cl0.05 ≤ 0,05

 

Arsenic, AsMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

As0.05 ≤ 0,05

As0.11 ≤ 0,11

 

Cadmium, CdMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cd0.03 ≤ 0,03

Cd0.05 ≤ 0,05

 

Chromium, CrMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cr0.53 ≤ 0,53

Cr0.79 ≤ 0,79

 

Copper, CuMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cu0.53 ≤ 0,53

Cu1.05 ≤ 1,05

 

Lead, PbMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Pb0.53 ≤ 0,53

Pb1.05 ≤ 1,05

 

Mercury, HgMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Hg0.005 ≤ 0,005

Hg0.005 ≤ 0,005

 

Nickel, NiMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Ni0.53 ≤ 0,53

Ni0.53 ≤ 0,53

 

Zinc, ZnMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Zn5.26 ≤ 5,26

Zn5.26 ≤ 5,26

 

Fixed carbon, Cff

% in mass dry

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

Informative

Total carbon, C, ISO 16948

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Volatile matter, VM, ISO 18123

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Ash melting behaviourg, ISO 21404

°C

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

 

Thermally treated biomass grindability index, TTBGI, ISO/TS 21596

% in mass

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Water sorption, WSORP, and post-immersion durability reduction, DURpi, ISO 23343-1

% in mass

Values should be stated

Values should be stated

Particle density, DE, ISO 18847

g/cm3 as received

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

a Negligible levels of glue, grease and other timber production additives (< 1 % in mass) used in sawmills during production of timber and timber product from virgin wood are acceptable, if all chemical parameters of the pellets are clearly within the limits and/or concentrations are too small to be concerned with.

b Selected size class D06 or D08 to be stated.

c For D06 and D08, the amount of pellets longer than 40 mm may be 1 % in mass. Maximum length shall be ≤ 45 mm.

d At the final point of delivery.

e Type and amount of additive(s) to aid production, delivery or combustion (e.g. pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives such as starch, corn flour, potato flour, vegetable oil or lignin) shall be stated.

f Fixed carbon (% in mass dry) is calculated as follows: 100 – (ash [% in mass dry] + volatile matter [% in mass dry]).

g Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some thermally treated biomass fuels, for example those produced from eucalyptus, poplar and short rotation coppice. It is recommended that all characteristic temperatures [shrinkage starting temperature (SST), deformation temperature (DT), hemisphere temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT)] are stated in oxidizing conditions. The default ashing temperature according to ISO 21404 is 550 °C ± 10 °C. If an alternative ashing temperature is applied, it shall be specified.

Table 2 — Specification of graded densified biomass fuels produced from thermally processed chemically untreated and/or chemically treated woody biomass

Master table

 

Property (analysis method)

Unit

TOW1

TOW2

Normative

Origin and source (ISO 17225‐1:2021, Table 1)

 

1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood 1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry 1.3 Used wood a, b

 

Traded form (see ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 2)

 

Pellets or briquettes

 

Dimensions (mm), ISO 17829

 

Diameter ( D )c and length ( L )d of pellets in accordance with Figure 1

mm

D06, 6 ± 1; D08, 8 ± 1; D10, 10 ± 1; 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

D06, 6 ± 1; D08, 8 ± 1; D10, 10 ± 1; 3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

 

Diameter ( D ), length ( L ) and shape of briquettes in accordance with Figure 2

mm

Values to be stated

 

Moisture, Me, ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2

% in mass as received, on wet basis

M08 ≤ 8

M08 ≤ 8

 

Ash, AMJ, ISO 18122

g/MJ dry

A2.1 ≤ 2,1

A4.2 ≤ 4,2

 

Mechanical durability to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), DU, ISO 17831-1, ISO 17831-2

% in mass as received

DU97.5 ≥ 97,5

DU96.0 ≥ 96,0

 

Amount of fines, Fe, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 5370

% in mass as received

F2.0 ≤ 2,0

F4.0 ≤ 4,0

 

Amount of fines below 0,5 mm, F0.5e, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 5370

% in mass as received

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

 

Additives f

% in mass as received

≤4 (value to be stated)

≤5 (value to be stated)

 

Bulk density, BD, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 17828

kg/m3 as received

BD650 ≥ 650

BD600 ≥ 600

 

Net calorific value, Qe, ISO 18125

MJ/kg as received

Q19 ≥ 19 (value to be stated)

Q19 ≥ 19 (value to be stated)

 

Nitrogen, NMJ, ISO 16948

g/MJ dry

N0.53 ≤ 0,53

N1.05 ≤ 1,05

 

Sulfur, SMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

S0.05 ≤ 0,05

S0.16 ≤ 0,16

 

Chlorine, ClMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

Cl0.05 ≤ 0,05

Cl0.11 ≤ 0,11

 

Arsenic, AsMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

As0.11 ≤ 0,11

As0.21 ≤ 0,21

 

Cadmium, CdMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cd0.03 ≤ 0,03

Cd0.05 ≤ 0,05

 

Chromium, CrMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cr1.05 ≤ 1,05

Cr1.58 ≤ 1,58

 

Copper, CuMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cu1.58 ≤ 1,58

Cu2.63 ≤ 2,63

 

Lead, PbMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Pb1.05 ≤ 1,05

Pb1.58 ≤ 1,58

 

Mercury, HgMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Hg0.005 ≤ 0,005

Hg0.005 ≤ 0,005

 

Nickel, NiMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Ni0.53 ≤ 0,53

Ni0.53 ≤ 0,53

 

Zinc, ZnMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Zn7.89 ≤ 7,89

Zn10.5 ≤ 10,5

 

Fixed carbon, Cf g

% in mass dry

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

Informative

Total carbon, C, ISO 16948

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Volatile matter, VM, ISO 18123

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Ash melting behaviourh, ISO 21404

°C

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

 

Thermally treated biomass grindability index, TTBGI, ISO/TS 21596

% in mass

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Water sorption, WSORP and post-immersion durability reduction (DURpi), ISO 23343-1

% in mass

Values should be stated

Values should be stated

 

Particle density, DE, ISO 18847

g/cm3 as received

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

a 1.3.2 Chemically treated used wood may only be used as a fuel in installations with applicable permission.

b 1.2.2 Chemically treated wood by-products, residues, fibres and wood constituents and 1.3.2 Chemically treated used wood are included even if they do contain heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds more than typical virgin material values or typical values of country of origin, as long as the thermally treated biomass meets the limit values from this table.

c Selected size class D06, D08 or D10 to be stated.

d For D06 to D10, the amount of pellets longer than 40 mm may be 1 % in mass. Maximum length shall be ≤ 45 mm.

e At the final point of delivery.

f Type and amount of additive(s) to aid production, delivery or combustion (e.g. pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives such as starch, corn flour, potato flour, vegetable oil or lignin) shall be stated.

g Fixed carbon (% in mass dry) is calculated as follows: 100 – (ash [% in mass dry] + volatile matter [% in mass dry]).

h Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some thermally treated biomass fuels, for example those produced from eucalyptus, poplar, short rotation coppice and used wood. It is recommended that all characteristic temperatures [[shrinkage starting temperature (SST), deformation temperature (DT), hemisphere temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT)] are stated in oxidizing conditions. The default ashing temperature according to ISO 21404 is 550 °C ± 10 °C. If an alternative ashing temperature is applied, it shall be specified.

Table 3 — Specification of graded densified biomass fuels produced from thermally processed non-woody biomass

Master table

 

Property (analysis method)

Unit

TA1

TA2

Normative

Origin and source (ISO 17225‐1:2021, Table 1)

 

2 Herbaceous biomass

3 Fruit biomass

4 Aquatic biomass

5 Blends and mixtures

 

Traded form (see ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 2)

 

Pellets or briquettes

 

Dimensions (mm), ISO 17829

 

Diameter ( D )a and length ( L )b of pellets in accordance with Figure 1

mm

D06 to D25, D ± 1;

3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

(from D06 to D10)

3,15 ≤ L ≤ 50

(from D12 to D25)

D06 to D25, D ± 1;

3,15 ≤ L ≤ 40

(from D06 to D10)

3,15 ≤ L ≤ 50

(from D12 to D25)

 

Diameter ( D ), length ( L ) and shape of briquettes in accordance with Figure 2

mm

Values to be stated

 

Moisture, Mc, ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2

% in mass as received, on wet basis

M08 ≤ 8

M08 ≤ 8

 

Ash, AMJ, ISO 18122

g/MJ dry

A3.5 ≤ 3,5

A7.1 ≤ 7,1

 

Mechanical durability to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), DU, ISO 17831-1, ISO 17831‑2

% in mass as received

DU97.5 ≥ 97,5

DU96.0 ≥ 96,0

 

Amount of fines, Fc, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2) ISO 5370

% in mass as received

F2.0 ≤ 2,0

F4.0 ≤ 4,0

 

Amount of fines below 0,5 mm, F0.5c, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 5370

% in mass as received

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

 

Additivesd

% in mass as received

≤4 (value to be stated)

≤5 (value to be stated)

 

Bulk density, BD, to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2), ISO 17828

kg/m3 as received

BD650 ≥ 650

BD600 ≥ 600

 

Net calorific value, Qc, ISO 18125

MJ/kg as received

Q18 ≥ 18 (value to be stated)

Q17 ≥ 17 (value to be stated)

 

Nitrogen, NMJ, ISO 16948

g/MJ dry

N0.88 ≤ 0,88

N1.47 ≤ 1,47

 

Sulfur, SMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

S0.06 ≤ 0,06

S0.18 ≤ 0,18

 

Chlorine, ClMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

Cl0.06 ≤ 0,06

Cl0.12 ≤ 0,12

 

Arsenic, AsMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

As0.12 ≤ 0,12

As0.24 ≤ 0,24

 

Cadmium, CdMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cd0.03 ≤ 0,03

Cd0.06 ≤ 0,06

 

Chromium, CrMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cr1.76 ≤ 1,76

Cr2.94 ≤ 2,94

 

Copper, CuMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Cu1.76 ≤ 1,76

Cu2.94 ≤ 2,94

 

Lead, PbMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Pb0.59 ≤ 0,59

Pb1.76 ≤ 1,76

 

Mercury, HgMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Hg0.006 ≤ 0,006

Hg0.006 ≤ 0,006

 

Nickel, NiMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Ni0.59 ≤ 0,59

Ni0.59 ≤ 0,59

 

Zinc, ZnMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Zn5.88 ≤ 5,88

Zn11.8 ≤ 11,8

 

Fixed carbon, Cfe

% in mass dry

Value to be stated

Value to be stated

Informative

Total carbon, C, ISO 16948

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Volatile matter, VM, ISO 18123

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Ash melting behaviourf, ISO 21404

°C

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

 

Thermally treated biomass grindability index, TTBGI, ISO/TS 21596

% in mass

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

 

Water sorption, WSORP and post-immersion durability reduction, DURpi, ISO 23343-1

% in mass

Values should be stated

Values should be stated

 

Particle density, DE, ISO 18847

g/cm3 as received

Value should be stated

Value should be stated

a   Selected size (e.g. D06, D08, D10, D12 or D25) of pellets to be stated.

b   For D06 to D10 the amount of pellets longer than 40 mm may be 1 % in mass. Maximum length shall be ≤ 45 mm.

c   At the final point of delivery.

d   Type and amount of additive(s) to aid production, delivery or combustion (e.g. pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives such as starch, corn flour, potato flour, vegetable oil or lignin) shall be stated.

e   Fixed carbon (% in mass dry) is calculated as follows: 100 – (ash [% in mass dry] + volatile matter [% in mass dry]).

f   Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some thermally treated biomass fuels, for example those produced from straw and miscanthus. It is recommended that all characteristic temperatures [shrinkage starting temperature (SST), deformation temperature (DT), hemisphere temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT)] are stated in oxidizing conditions. The default ashing temperature according to ISO 21404 is 550 °C ± 10 °C. If an alternative ashing temperature is applied, it shall be specified.

(normative) Template for specification of densified and non-densified biomass fuels produced by thermal processing

Thermally treated densified biomass fuels which cannot be classified according to Tables 1 to 3 shall be specified according to the properties given in Table A.1. Non-densified thermally treated biomass fuels shall be specified according to the properties given in Table A.1 except for the parameters mechanical durability (DU), diameter (D) and length (L).

Ash content and concentration of chemical elements N, S, Cl, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn are influenced by thermal processing and shall be stated in terms of energy with the units g/MJ or mg/MJ (dry), respectively. To calculate the unit mg/MJ from mg/kg, the concentration of chemical elements (mg/kg on dry basis) shall be divided by the net calorific value (Qd, MJ/kg on dry basis). Values in percentage mass (dry) basis shall be additionally multiplied by 10 to obtain values in g/MJ (dry). The net calorific value on a dry basis can be calculated according to Formula (1) which is specified in Clause 5, Note 2. The values shall be rounded individually according to the significant digits of each property specified in Table 1, 2 and 3.

Table A.1 — List of properties for the specification of thermally treated densified and non-densified biomass fuels

Master table

 

Property (analysis method)

Unit

Specification

Normative

Origin and source (ISO 17225‐1:2021, Table 1)

 

To be stated

 

Traded form (see ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 2)

 

Pellets or briquettes

 

Dimensions (mm), ISO 17829

 

Diameter ( D ) and Length ( L ) of pellets

mm

Value to be stated according Figure 1

 

Diameter ( D ), Length ( L ) and Shape of briquettes

mm

Value to be stated according Figure 2

 

Moisture, Ma, ISO 18134‑1, ISO 18134‑2

% in mass as received, on wet basis

Value to be stated

 

Ash, AMJ, ISO 18122

g/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Mechanical durability, DU, ISO 17831‑1, ISO 17831‑2

% in mass as received

Value to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2)

 

Amount of fines, Fa, ISO 5370

% in mass as received

Value to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2)

 

Amount of fines below 0,5 mm, F0.5a, ISO 5370

% in mass as received

Value to be stated for pellets and for briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2)

 

Additivesb

% in mass as received

Type and amount to be stated

 

Bulk density, BD, ISO 17828

kg/m3 as received

Value to be stated for pellets and briquettes with shape 9 (Figure 2)

 

Net calorific value, Qa, ISO 18125

MJ/kg as received

Value to be stated

 

Nitrogen, NMJ, ISO 16948

g/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Sulfur, SMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Chlorine, ClMJ, ISO 16994

g/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Arsenic, AsMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Cadmium, CdMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Chromium, CrMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Copper, CuMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Property (analysis method)

Unit

Specification

 

Lead, PbMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Mercury, HgMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Nickel, NiMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Zinc, ZnMJ, ISO 16968

mg/MJ dry

Value to be stated

 

Fixed carbon, Cfc

% in mass dry

Value to be stated

Informative

Total carbon, C, ISO 16948

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

Volatile matter, VM, ISO 18123

% in mass dry

Value should be stated

 

Ash melting behaviour,d ISO 21404

°C

SST, DT, HT and FT should be stated

 

Thermally treated biomass grindability index, TTBGI, ISO/TS 21596

% in mass

Value should be stated

 

Water sorption, WSORP, and post-immersion durability reduction, DURpi, ISO 23343-1

% in mass

Values should be stated

 

Particle density, DE, ISO 18847

g/cm3 as received

Value should be stated

a   At the final point of delivery.

b   Type and amount of additive(s) to aid production, delivery or combustion (e.g. pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives such as starch, corn flour, potato flour, vegetable oil or lignin) shall be stated.

c   Fixed carbon (% in mass dry) is calculated as follows: 100 – (ash [% in mass dry] + volatile matter [% in mass dry]).

d   Special attention should be paid to the ash melting behaviour for some thermally treated biomass fuels, for example those produced from straw, miscanthus, olive stone, eucalyptus, poplar, short rotation coppice and used wood. It is recommended that all characteristic temperatures [shrinkage starting temperature (SST), deformation temperature (DT), hemisphere temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT)] are stated in oxidizing conditions. The default ashing temperature according to ISO 21404 is 550 °C ± 10 °C. If an alternative ashing temperature is applied, it shall be specified.

(informative) Reference values for the calculation of the limit values in terms of energy

The limit values in terms of energy given in Tables 1 to 3 are calculated from the reference values on a mass basis given in Tables B.1 to B.3 by dividing the amount of the chemical compound by the net calorific value. For fuels produced from woody biomass, 19 MJ/kg (dry) is used for the calculation. For fuels produced from other biomass, 17 MJ/kg (dry) is used for the calculation.

Table B.1 — Reference values for the calculation of the limit values in terms of energy for TW1 and TW2

Property

Unit

TW1

TW2

Property

Unit

TW1

TW2

Qd

MJ/kg dry

19,00

19,00

—

—

—

—

Ash, A

% in mass dry

1,2

3

Ash, AMJ

g/MJ dry

0,63

1,58

Nitrogen, N

% in mass dry

0,5

1

Nitrogen, NMJ

g/MJ dry

0,26

0,53

Sulfur, S

% in mass dry

0,05

0,1

Sulfur, SMJ

g/MJ dry

0,03

0,05

Chlorine, Cl

% in mass dry

0,05

0,1

Chlorine, ClMJ

g/MJ dry

0,03

0,05

Arsenic, As

mg/kg dry

1

2

Arsenic, AsMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,05

0,11

Cadmium, Cd

mg/kg dry

0,5

1

Cadmium, CdMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,03

0,05

Chromium, Cr

mg/kg dry

10

15

Chromium, CrMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,53

0,79

Copper, Cu

mg/kg dry

10

20

Copper, CuMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,53

1,05

Lead, Pb

mg/kg dry

10

15

Lead, PbMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,53

0,79

Mercury, Hg

mg/kg dry

0,10

0,10

Mercury, HgMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,005

0,005

Nickel, Ni

mg/kg dry

10

10

Nickel, NiMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,53

0,53

Zinc, Zn

mg/kg dry

100

100

Zinc, ZnMJ

mg/MJ dry

5,26

5,26

NOTE See Table 1.

Table B.2 — Reference values for the calculation of the limit values in terms of energy for TOW1 and TOW2

Property

Unit

TOW1

TOW2

Property

Unit

TOW1

TOW2

Qd

MJ/kg dry

19,00

19,00

—

—

—

—

Ash, A

% in mass dry

4

8

Ash, AMJ

g/MJ dry

2,11

4,21

Nitrogen, N

% in mass dry

1

2

Nitrogen, NMJ

g/MJ dry

0,53

1,05

Sulfur, S

% in mass dry

0,1

0,3

Sulfur, SMJ

g/MJ dry

0,05

0,16

Chlorine, Cl

% in mass dry

0,1

0,2

Chlorine, ClMJ

g/MJ dry

0,05

0,11

Arsenic, As

mg/kg dry

2

4

Arsenic, AsMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,11

0,21

Cadmium, Cd

mg/kg dry

0,5

1

Cadmium, CdMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,03

0,05

Chromium, Cr

mg/kg dry

20

30

Chromium, CrMJ

mg/MJ dry

1,05

1,58

Copper, Cu

mg/kg dry

30

50

Copper, CuMJ

mg/MJ dry

1,58

2,63

Lead, Pb

mg/kg dry

20

30

Lead, PbMJ

mg/MJ dry

1,05

1,58

Mercury, Hg

mg/kg dry

0,10

0,10

Mercury, HgMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,005

0,005

Nickel, Ni

mg/kg dry

10

10

Nickel, NiMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,53

0,53

Zinc, Zn

mg/kg dry

150

200

Zinc, ZnMJ

mg/MJ dry

7,89

10,53

NOTE See Table 2.

Table B.3 — Reference values for the calculation of the limit values in terms of energy for TA1 and TA2

Property

Unit

TA1

TA2

Property

Unit

TA1

TA2

Qd

MJ/kg dry

17,00

17,00

—

—

—

—

Ash, A

% in mass dry

6

12

Ash, AMJ

g/MJ dry

3,53

7,06

Nitrogen, N

% in mass dry

1,5

2,5

Nitrogen, NMJ

g/MJ dry

0,88

1,47

Sulfur, S

% in mass dry

0,1

0,3

Sulfur, SMJ

g/MJ dry

0,06

0,18

Chlorine, Cl

% in mass dry

0,1

0,2

Chlorine, ClMJ

g/MJ dry

0,06

0,12

Arsenic, As

mg/kg dry

2

4

Arsenic, AsMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,12

0,24

Cadmium, Cd

mg/kg dry

0,5

1

Cadmium, CdMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,03

0,06

Chromium, Cr

mg/kg dry

30

50

Chromium, CrMJ

mg/MJ dry

1,76

2,94

Copper, Cu

mg/kg dry

30

50

Copper, CuMJ

mg/MJ dry

1,76

2,94

Lead, Pb

mg/kg dry

10

30

Lead, PbMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,59

1,76

Mercury, Hg

mg/kg dry

0,10

0,10

Mercury, HgMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,006

0,006

Nickel, Ni

mg/kg dry

10

10

Nickel, NiMJ

mg/MJ dry

0,59

0,59

Zinc, Zn

mg/kg dry

100

200

Zinc, ZnMJ

mg/MJ dry

5,88

11,76

NOTE See Table 3.

Bibliography

[1] ISO 18123, Solid biofuels — Determination of the content of volatile matter

[2] ISO 18847, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes

[3] ISO 21404, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash melting behaviour

[4] ISO/TS 21596, Solid biofuels — Determination of grindability — Hardgrove type method for thermally treated biomass fuels

[5] ISO 23343‑1, Solid biofuels — Determination of water sorption and its effect on durability of thermally treated biomass fuels — Part 1: Pellets